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全球約有35%的食物產量，均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲，讓農作物得以健康成長。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ6dOu20UOB
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在這個層面上，農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑，究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡglze8CJWfV
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXmHsLk7pC7
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種，內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合，引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6CcJiklFXq
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想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制，可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiMYiQg6t3J
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQzS3ZGOBrU
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGm5IWSyTIT
因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性，益蟲害蟲均會送命。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEOzhxTLe7A
正因如此，全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑，以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdizTqf9lHG
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIlkvPJUh8u
題外話，人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別，所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcQo2ZskT8N
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO3TUTQS80U
(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用，新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGShXA1PQ3J
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡS3moYt73qu
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIcE4kuixJT
Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑，但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqzbxIa4IRJ
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡu9CYcK4nBI
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同，根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式，舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別，而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoqYPNJn6ct
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDBzXBk8W5F
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOb5TcEo1cF
(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外，對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXw4VKn69Kv
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6787UrbA1F
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡt4RvAeQSZ0
答案是接近沒有過人之處，它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXJiiOoxQF1
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIWFzpo8ovg
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣，能長年積累在環境裡頭。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLCaMqd2gcl
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOHBtLlVNJX
以蜜蜂為例，雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡，但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4CFJzDQ6rt
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO8UjqXUqrb
相對上，另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低，2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsvdSKNjCYI
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響，歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下，生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9ShuUGa3GL
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaN8pN1lF3D
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡd88nJjikw4
顯然，新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUZQCYVlgtp
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡN6aZemhwOG
在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候，往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗，但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多，加上昆蟲本身的獨特性，對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害，因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡY4K7EESRrK
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6OUi2DuXvT
同時間，現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響，這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0NjMBEBvbN
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTbGsu6zd28
以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5TmwfMY2Ms
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡP7CuFQrfxI
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGe8ihrY8GB
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIf7Dphj6Zp
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyQYBMarZia
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Link:448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAbLDpCMDNB
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9xLDgHKWVq
448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0ECESO0iHn
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有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyTk1GTyri3
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https://www.instagram.com/potatopigtongue/448Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQFuiqf8gSs
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Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/
