吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvOggFrtofp
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvgY5jJ0x1K
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkJCjKkPmDR
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwwazDStFDB
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡu9vqP3ov6T
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdF4TPFc69J
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3mN8UExrtx
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzwwcLqYSh0
（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdPQQnOxgmr
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOPQsFe8Yb1
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZZARbpWWGZ
Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡElDF3WVvxr
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOnTC9RjFJZ
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzNmO49IR6r
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCfFsaCeW2Y
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwqCFpV1QuI
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡju4mli9Zlt
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLkQihoBFGA
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3jsPorjVXc
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAQgxcmdqdU
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrGzu9D0ugk
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwWB1D7fItL
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoc16OQqGgU
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiKZupx22IL
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6ZAOGwQcTU
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8YCf2sKl02
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDbvFvq43Wp
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK19HgiFydb
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxMgFkx2pS4
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4w1ixp7Ai5
綠點:CdSO4942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhW8DmN8ODQ
藍點:CdCO3942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ33Xn5hMG5z
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0bpEW9Cr3q
這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9bectvRbGB
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzkUEyOmWO0
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcKlBc2lOYR
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLIuqVN81nm
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5i6fLdRJct
拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsT00MZJ2wX
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwxmU6Dj2cU
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTmgrSgiwtj
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjvjsdJZCI6
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqQP6ukyHmr
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpgFDJxuy6r
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdA6CvJR3Z9
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡajjc4HgAur
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBtkmexR6Tx
（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsC7xI8y1nd
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvSZUkiGL5q
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsuTZsbTV2S
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTHaAyHlHax
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPq9AJokxWu
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWFTPOvRBb0
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU0AQwFsVCk
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQACc95DOhG
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMS2j2O4Nsb
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmDlMtz9bLw
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyudRdJpNZ2
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDh246UrgZk
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwquXVuHgNB
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLimeyYnpuh
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWHgeudYSdL
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTZPuBIWM3L
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3hQCOlKNQK
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTELYxNxGQI
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtzAlEEsFxW
Link:942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiEWI4Tpx5j
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz9slLIy5mj
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ40ndDo5Kde
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEB7WHAVmVg
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXtcqpsjKHi
942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxebqDbv739
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514942Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrRws9kkIAF
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