吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSaO64FWiNZ
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8Eg1FLUjwB
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXDq72htl1M
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB9wuzUgPGi
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmntbtsoVCh
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqAB8xSNqNU
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbm57L9eMqj
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCFSpIor8LA
（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ39aY7WpDcz
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm8lMHFPKMC
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp8bgUwUqA3
Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9DR6BatiEN
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPef6O8fn3c
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrTf5llGSh5
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOmisFslkwA
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6zD5ttLYMA
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAmg8ieXGQO
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5S2b44uEai
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvuOLea4sRM
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6Nd4fwCjQq
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHZ1c9KoDNR
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKYrfHlQDqa
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhQiEq0Qo3O
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1kZXEf8Vqq
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ98gPTTxuZ2
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8sB6chBxgS
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOoofYReOFP
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHn3FldXXoP
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvq9zWaADWR
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡE8HMIY1zv6
綠點:CdSO4948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUL6TAOHSsp
藍點:CdCO3948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOdrDu38xUr
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這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrSbonUgq42
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWzfbQzoUfN
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfFemlATh26
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL3dfz8JEZS
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡys8SZxznkR
拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwbjG3gK3Lx
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCDM3xXVXMF
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsq0unicutR
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVz6BlQUtYm
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRJP4wD7API
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡobs3eodrDS
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSdMP5CcQH3
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6CoCXvpUE1
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSMzVY7ZSTx
（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGIkKo4hu24
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2JODkmAI5S
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg4gGs1Pc76
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6vcAj7Ts3G
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAsqQNSTQWw
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZjQcFpaZK9
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfq04rYFH0v
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2wIZ2s6XWj
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYpiEpEYIk4
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfEgxpNEG2S
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZmvuWp8mQO
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7AxYv0btG1
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvXoK89Ach7
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO1xERTzizx
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5ueN9AOaCb
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡP1ry8gmnx9
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxNbSYx2wPp
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIP4K1qJROv
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡckyuL2T9Vu
Link:948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡacwwmW6okK
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWemuhcXbp0
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZZYt3s2GTF
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ6IKSqgHrX
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdPPgsmjDjd
948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJrsTvuHg9R
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514948Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRqXgSBSwYM
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