吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsxu8Vtd7kH
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡe6DndnUUx3
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhAsMcSo6hH
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkglFKBJ8l9
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCZfAzN8neh
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwjsxTbcQ2H
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡT9Y1hvbqO2
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDe7NxXDj8W
（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaO6iI6oIbq
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡToEMOcmdy2
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEhKgkbPrhB
Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpuyA8xKSdZ
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLUJbjfuyvb
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyJH3Zy6Z8a
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLZxeFYUiEO
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYxwAQfqB3Q
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4w01HN1u1f
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKG7W7om1KH
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡney7crhizM
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡabEX3zrXBe
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxqGOkl6U5N
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNUC8JauiVJ
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡE9QcIF2mdJ
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhpXHHKYPla
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8Ayw53AEJX
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRtkuRJtHma
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4N1gWAHYg7
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgrYx29NHhy
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxhfNinhohp
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGvyMI6yWQB
綠點:CdSO4896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡThbxAq8J1S
藍點:CdCO3896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWs7AN8V41m
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhUv8al80fi
這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0sssFzBSzV
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNeREMr48L2
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbyt3yoNggl
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6Mt1uxQYDq
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKzWuqXX3Ia
拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHmMyzmHIk0
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmZcro6YWMW
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTTbCJynxvL
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgJzc9ezurN
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2kgLlo7o0g
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8YfB8TTcdv
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSXgX8FjIGY
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtPU3ZAL3iE
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDJ8ZE1zbjn
（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1V3TtgDfmO
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡc4uUi3q8jB
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡezHmsE3AtR
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuxgA4hDX8I
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡT2cwbzbBQZ
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuBJFzVJvDc
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbGgSDsOh2O
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg3OoS8FC5s
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡimx698aFiE
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnDptPb20Og
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8BvCBzUx1P
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7DsNh1ehvD
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9JtOPheKog
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL7yCzX04hq
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsn13HSkOP5
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDoyAfEP88U
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzEEeO0jx91
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡW8tBAbGahf
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡppgpCfnA7K
Link:896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyXnm1bE3uO
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzcLUmj6Kp5
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡE904Fn47wb
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡclNvHaT2Ni
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoZzvPHBag4
896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnRNJTxc02K
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514896Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUshqQLHfc9
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