全球約有35%的食物產量，均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲，讓農作物得以健康成長。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlyxCEAcJ20
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡY6b9E1viYr
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8XNdqVIA1F
在這個層面上，農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑，究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJqOqimSoh9
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmrH2dI2wH0
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種，內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合，引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIMPLLCDQoh
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnX75fmJHWW
想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制，可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4tVDutPrlg
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSKO2HQQr6s
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZqZ3Z9mfdg
因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性，益蟲害蟲均會送命。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8UUuToAbMw
正因如此，全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑，以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4NHO7ndTd4
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO74lyMUplY
題外話，人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別，所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡR8BOdycFoG
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlK17jKA1HF
(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用，新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbp3csZyBmC
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJafzwCHA6z
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKGE292vaVn
Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑，但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQLLYFZ2FHG
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9rnLpP0I1i
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同，根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式，舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別，而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡckBdmHhRP9
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiwwVs3BKzQ
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxhN077zir8
(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外，對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCPDvBMVGzW
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa3QqFSXWT2
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtyi8GmN6LQ
答案是接近沒有過人之處，它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAkTZIJ3hPc
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLWwP0hx2Pl
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣，能長年積累在環境裡頭。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3WBNuy9wUy
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlmRRPcPs3l
以蜜蜂為例，雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡，但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfH2qhOHFqv
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ49eKZXWXnE
相對上，另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低，2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMCIJM1zHUW
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響，歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下，生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8pis0pga85
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwE5HsPhoqA
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAvvgkpCBzL
顯然，新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgJ3gowgAa4
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTvWRTbBada
在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候，往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗，但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多，加上昆蟲本身的獨特性，對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害，因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKusrFGO0oJ
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfjttIxUNMZ
同時間，現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響，這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO3O7nzFyJt
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg2DcRfkaO2
以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ04eXuOV7i4
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBoiZJbJIvs
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡc67VmZULQh
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvamLWzmogh
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡG7pE13DQuh
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPgiSPe4iYK
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQjhSA4IRYQ
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf450dFGBL8
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDjaxbNNNAJ
Link:536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2c91PjyiA0
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz1cLaCtAh4
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHgNfPYOq2P
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnLL3eOiq45
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbcdrMHsw31
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡM4YFnqe3Wq
https://www.instagram.com/potatopigtongue/536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡd0keeuczgl
536Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJN2FbZ5oBG
Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/
