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全球約有35%的食物產量，均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲，讓農作物得以健康成長。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTTdlpOmmK3
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在這個層面上，農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑，究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw3p2H0puv9
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRn6tefmwpk
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種，內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合，引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsWKhrDF6RK
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想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制，可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFHiKW4rNSb
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMnjuH8onZq
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmUzVU4nEWH
因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性，益蟲害蟲均會送命。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB4ufemnlPY
正因如此，全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑，以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8T4CNzHJlR
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuZgVT0AX3a
題外話，人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別，所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAPMmMG236E
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡN2MxyieD7O
(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用，新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtFgXMF3fdO
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFdhWKgbfiG
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJVmLl4Of3d
Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑，但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡM8NMZokTNI
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbZjdWx3alX
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同，根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式，舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別，而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzuwaYoG2Bq
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg1Q7zeg7Ta
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZfPau4pjiJ
(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外，對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnPzhD8KJSJ
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgJ9Kox0Evv
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsc0q2k3XVx
答案是接近沒有過人之處，它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡD2QN2Orwze
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDyNxfNQ530
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣，能長年積累在環境裡頭。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDS7uPBIJvR
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwE1wh3sH1a
以蜜蜂為例，雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡，但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzeL5zj5rtd
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdChGc4Gg3t
相對上，另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低，2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNUOqJkxYFj
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響，歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下，生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrGtBoMUEJu
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYRsJuj350H
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ28hXEoIiHq
顯然，新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtkQNF4qYMk
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeco3OCxIgK
在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候，往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗，但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多，加上昆蟲本身的獨特性，對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害，因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhspDxGk0Jp
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDxGv3J9UHV
同時間，現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響，這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡThBbyHkez9
447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlEbzGDfAPz
以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDR6MnQ0PC2
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf89lAjqizV
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpm3w2vy2RB
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkHouMXZnXQ
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Link:447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9KyVHcpswP
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZsv6zKupw5
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有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。447Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA803woNAV5
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Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/
