吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQL3fzFluAk
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkBA309C337
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFqhVJ9JdXP
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbsVLGDrjMv
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuRiO8liZIP
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGBJtNqInZM
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHmXj6TjZ5S
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA19CGRMyH8
（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmEIClxFQhA
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU9TkRFEbOp
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxUoU2hvZx7
Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡX2jmiBpN2a
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8aVlDlz1EE
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzysImfQbAb
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5e8IcGwjZo
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2Izbi0Jx6w
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfUlO61cTRd
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdVWhCAez81
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8cwqfkR9Ly
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxt2mCujceo
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSnaom7jDmr
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjw5in6FHS5
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJgH26ed5cZ
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmToAxr2cpa
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQcSg1RpTWT
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvb28bVJwRD
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjsjyucz2tI
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAaohqJAa8a
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZKwHcQiDHE
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtlvzQSyAp6
綠點:CdSO4997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMTq6oAQZaB
藍點:CdCO3997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2VydlMZgGR
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJyNgalqwKX
這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoqY3QJD1JY
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6HY1RcDGjt
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlkkgsBIPyJ
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8IolSAa3XA
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5Ee7FutCDR
拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaFakELu989
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMvM4lV0w0w
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2ieBQ5AHSs
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJh1STxAPvk
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoLqeqXQDfZ
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRAz0p0jYYT
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡk5all0y2qm
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH69AU2Rq96
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuqtbOEf7dE
（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5oDtsLYZlE
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDwxOSVduzw
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUgQTv4aTwq
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtOSbP9bzyg
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYeubaJyAbY
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZZlxFpG9XR
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmANc2myoE9
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg9uzkKtp1J
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqQRLL7MsPq
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZfzHSAux6F
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSiVh1Rg8hJ
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfBV6hK4mGG
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeslRltKCPd
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkDum52Jw14
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfgQE38asXi
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡefVg2qOVfj
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKOxRwHpekG
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡd4o2YhZeSV
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDFJumocj2Z
Link:997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkiU0ktJraJ
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMfABhDe6Bg
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3skzuTXbhj
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUtAI9X0BTo
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVpqyGC7GUV
997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDhzMAlOxpn
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514997Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy10vPuW8aP
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