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喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下147Please respect copyright.PENANAsfa9zAvhzo
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
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從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網147Please respect copyright.PENANAjJGSnq6NIB
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
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好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀147Please respect copyright.PENANAAQ8wR8BAUS
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美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇147Please respect copyright.PENANAjLjFRL3kiF
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西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地147Please respect copyright.PENANA09VNpjwzFk
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力147Please respect copyright.PENANAVVEH609wGj
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西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗147Please respect copyright.PENANA41lgObY5hh
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多147Please respect copyright.PENANA0u8oj3VWIk
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易147Please respect copyright.PENANA9BD1jyz9jw
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水147Please respect copyright.PENANA1rnNmoUphS
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食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢147Please respect copyright.PENANAG18GHJvchx
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成隊船要喺東非呆等半年147Please respect copyright.PENANA0cbRtanTNV
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前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年147Please respect copyright.PENANAUUBPP0CFN4
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呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢147Please respect copyright.PENANAynRKIBxB1s
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講147Please respect copyright.PENANAI611xWyNki
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉147Please respect copyright.PENANADZlyGmcwxE
就算食到都消化不良啦147Please respect copyright.PENANACSWRvdkhI3
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站147Please respect copyright.PENANAqmn0MLff2O
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向147Please respect copyright.PENANAUqAUTgIeeD
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞147Please respect copyright.PENANAl4j0Kh4wIu
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非洲
當初搞咁多嘢147Please respect copyright.PENANA8s6nZivrFr
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雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力147Please respect copyright.PENANA1gYFk2litu
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁147Please respect copyright.PENANATsolCKi2M3
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩147Please respect copyright.PENANAO7SbSVSqsc
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非洲有人力147Please respect copyright.PENANAHyLSiZ5vst
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心147Please respect copyright.PENANA4jZ3ZbUHAL
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦147Please respect copyright.PENANAbsrvkPVz2L
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢147Please respect copyright.PENANAuc4oQncyXp
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼147Please respect copyright.PENANAthYI0plS65
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢147Please respect copyright.PENANAffVHROa7qE
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國147Please respect copyright.PENANAtHvHCoqxRc
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隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行147Please respect copyright.PENANANwHBwiI3p3
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣147Please respect copyright.PENANAKQm2J6ZT5O
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴147Please respect copyright.PENANAZGZVmcl6pV
由此激發各國投入人力物力147Please respect copyright.PENANAyfXwD8LAvq
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器147Please respect copyright.PENANAE5typ5gVss
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船147Please respect copyright.PENANAaq4VBNZyIu
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天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等147Please respect copyright.PENANAANk7ZivYVM
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咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易147Please respect copyright.PENANAPpVOaXfARN
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲147Please respect copyright.PENANAlLbM0zvo8M為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度147Please respect copyright.PENANAtk3WYSJd6c
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:147Please respect copyright.PENANAKcKTT0DIFS
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?147Please respect copyright.PENANARDOrnOmdWq
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒147Please respect copyright.PENANAFGQ4Xe73ES
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀147Please respect copyright.PENANAcdAXnnt8Rb
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢147Please respect copyright.PENANAgj8R1QXcwX
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成147Please respect copyright.PENANAeYFG2Z8V1d
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉147Please respect copyright.PENANAu9ko6ScnAr
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現147Please respect copyright.PENANAtAYTifwU9m
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲147Please respect copyright.PENANAlei2ivdpru
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉147Please respect copyright.PENANADf5rmEojYV
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團147Please respect copyright.PENANA2LfgaivL1o
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議147Please respect copyright.PENANAWPRcrZmdc1
準備選出新教宗喇147Please respect copyright.PENANAf12P5593Gd
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖147Please respect copyright.PENANAMBviJDYfkL
自16世紀起147Please respect copyright.PENANA6MxmOpiXeY
呢個小圈子選舉147Please respect copyright.PENANA6iNp0D3cEO
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控147Please respect copyright.PENANAg8pVKGjdAC
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益147Please respect copyright.PENANAAqgDQFbEll
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營147Please respect copyright.PENANA5MKBTzIGEp
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤147Please respect copyright.PENANAtZScMGHsNO
有時仲會大打出手147Please respect copyright.PENANAfGVANMinDB
好似1605年3月嗰次147Please respect copyright.PENANAyCVNyefP9M
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨147Please respect copyright.PENANAVusnhOBKeG
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈147Please respect copyright.PENANAKWXtne0ITc
不過呢個唔係今集重點147Please respect copyright.PENANAYGvw8VZknz
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇147Please respect copyright.PENANAlsFPRzRZyk
我直接講個結果:147Please respect copyright.PENANARm8i0XJquD
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗147Please respect copyright.PENANAn7XJ4y8fSu
法號伍朋八世147Please respect copyright.PENANAD9UtbEEi0z
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員147Please respect copyright.PENANA2zKgcqpaWM
…147Please respect copyright.PENANAXuDlJsBU9s
..147Please respect copyright.PENANAeqkTpo6K9k
.147Please respect copyright.PENANAi2Uc7cZmMF
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???147Please respect copyright.PENANAl2lrfnGOUh
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦147Please respect copyright.PENANAoorCexusUR
佢地其實係病死嘅147Please respect copyright.PENANAOcjtPxnfum
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"147Please respect copyright.PENANADxBzCqnNfd
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇147Please respect copyright.PENANA6KcYpMsUXd
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播147Please respect copyright.PENANA5ijxu47NZW
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時147Please respect copyright.PENANA91uDZLSMIE
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味147Please respect copyright.PENANATNOwELwcQe
係會令人發燒同病死147Please respect copyright.PENANA9OQ2Kb2xhG
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾147Please respect copyright.PENANAMmFw9SGHCt
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後147Please respect copyright.PENANATKWBox5HdD
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘147Please respect copyright.PENANAFu8ycRx9cB
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體147Please respect copyright.PENANAvl5z9YZlkO
帶返去羅馬本土喇147Please respect copyright.PENANABgyd5CoE1o
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶147Please respect copyright.PENANAAPqnFfWFVv
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖147Please respect copyright.PENANA7jmB8pDZQS
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地147Please respect copyright.PENANAgDZBzRPgDR
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣147Please respect copyright.PENANAmtKHbnr86M
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時147Please respect copyright.PENANAKotKpSnH2H
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命147Please respect copyright.PENANAt71TKTDkM4
額我略十五世唔遲唔早147Please respect copyright.PENANAzJn6Hn6oNK
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋147Please respect copyright.PENANAFHB9CM2Elf
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇147Please respect copyright.PENANA46mEdp7YJ8
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世147Please respect copyright.PENANAEnyQ7VUb5q
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召147Please respect copyright.PENANAIzqcPudC5t
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦147Please respect copyright.PENANAPscEMdANft
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病147Please respect copyright.PENANA0wtKqxAQnF
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史147Please respect copyright.PENANAgtQ7y5QbKv
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦147Please respect copyright.PENANAru24XWnH1h
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾147Please respect copyright.PENANAkiEuBPk3wY
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法147Please respect copyright.PENANAkLD8r1EOh7
真係唔醫好過醫147Please respect copyright.PENANAYHgSjlknWy
不過喺呢個大航海時代147Please respect copyright.PENANAAN1RhvScdV
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢147Please respect copyright.PENANA8VC8XgvwNq
16世紀起147Please respect copyright.PENANA6vMGagz7Rd
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊147Please respect copyright.PENANAKpXXpjdY7B
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲147Please respect copyright.PENANA4085fBFZ2V
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛147Please respect copyright.PENANACknr7Sk08Q
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人147Please respect copyright.PENANAG0RqHG12pM
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣147Please respect copyright.PENANAWfpWHXJioX
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目147Please respect copyright.PENANAvEHnqqeVYm
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材147Please respect copyright.PENANAyO7jZMoiHH
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英147Please respect copyright.PENANAoRljZkTowS
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落147Please respect copyright.PENANAHGVUcchA5k
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦147Please respect copyright.PENANAfLA3WgqMiv
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情147Please respect copyright.PENANAJnqB7mjW1a
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....147Please respect copyright.PENANA9NCWJFXLPq
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸147Please respect copyright.PENANAjRtOqqgBGB
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呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置147Please respect copyright.PENANAG8GkZWueXj
呢個故事嘅主要成份147Please respect copyright.PENANAVSe2A9ZsqJ
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初147Please respect copyright.PENANAP8MWVzOY90
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬147Please respect copyright.PENANAKKMo1nonAM
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呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土147Please respect copyright.PENANAVMnPKt9Nhd
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就唔同咁講喇147Please respect copyright.PENANAoFzDm15nrv
要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵147Please respect copyright.PENANArTuEBBeJ7r
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉147Please respect copyright.PENANAMhsVmK5LMX
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病147Please respect copyright.PENANAllTmdzjlsa
服從性有幾高可想而知147Please respect copyright.PENANA6xvGnx0Y38
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫147Please respect copyright.PENANAIGLyWsbibo
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話147Please respect copyright.PENANAYveuul4BUi
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講147Please respect copyright.PENANAxFzIVMRiyL
無疑係甘上加甘147Please respect copyright.PENANA0nd0fPquAE
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢147Please respect copyright.PENANAby79S7hrpr
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,000147Please respect copyright.PENANAwuuN68dth4
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度147Please respect copyright.PENANA9FIAUkbiHt
錢就使咗效果又冇147Please respect copyright.PENANAh0N9swBjrN
咁點搞?147Please respect copyright.PENANA91eJgRdWTr
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”147Please respect copyright.PENANA6bBOPxlDAe
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案147Please respect copyright.PENANAeVNYG4f5vc
作為糖嘅發源地147Please respect copyright.PENANAfP9F6JTmG5
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像147Please respect copyright.PENANALCTAESuo9v
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右147Please respect copyright.PENANAOmi66gzmI9
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官147Please respect copyright.PENANA8Di2eu5Fhi
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:147Please respect copyright.PENANA3OiMnwenf8
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧147Please respect copyright.PENANATg85xUeX5b
溶入高濃度糖水147Please respect copyright.PENANAKOrRblMxzF
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮147Please respect copyright.PENANAbp0qfGQHxT
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿147Please respect copyright.PENANAYF7tvXwpsr
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度147Please respect copyright.PENANADsQGJpCUM7
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇147Please respect copyright.PENANAauTrayXRbN
啲軍官再進一步147Please respect copyright.PENANAC9su0Zquq0
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒147Please respect copyright.PENANAcTwFZopnNG
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
147Please respect copyright.PENANAUIJRq7ejS1
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆147Please respect copyright.PENANAA4sMfwKCWo
法國人曾經試過用紅酒147Please respect copyright.PENANAZXOsaPwsME
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪147Please respect copyright.PENANA3xCXL8RZXC
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水147Please respect copyright.PENANAEVhAftmOYb
味道完全唔融和147Please respect copyright.PENANAHEB6Nd08cT
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味147Please respect copyright.PENANAT6pODet9hB
後來研究發現147Please respect copyright.PENANAgl8JzLOYSB
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份147Please respect copyright.PENANAWVnfK1KdDs
同奎寧結合成聚合體147Please respect copyright.PENANAB0PzYwPyrg
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道147Please respect copyright.PENANAuiFr7BhE2K
呢個偶然嘅發現147Please respect copyright.PENANA2QfzxkTFBv
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎147Please respect copyright.PENANAdH6tKo788h
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵147Please respect copyright.PENANAWR4AaOSOzM
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧147Please respect copyright.PENANAlPjRNIrU5J
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥147Please respect copyright.PENANAI5S10LPvpd
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品147Please respect copyright.PENANAduIx0O8Ap3
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度147Please respect copyright.PENANALz4Q63PyXS
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品147Please respect copyright.PENANA5aQBhY5QTA
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)147Please respect copyright.PENANAoDwqjbhrqC
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水147Please respect copyright.PENANA7ky781AtoL
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水147Please respect copyright.PENANAQbWyAbdiuE
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命147Please respect copyright.PENANAJ40bxlv09Y
例如喺1875年147Please respect copyright.PENANAAhMUNeBkW1
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率147Please respect copyright.PENANA5mCOJAm8jZ
已經跌到去1.5%147Please respect copyright.PENANAmSp4hm8lfN
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面147Please respect copyright.PENANAErF2UhIRr5
下集會講吓147Please respect copyright.PENANAw6Nocckzf7
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥147Please respect copyright.PENANAfLVdColBok
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運147Please respect copyright.PENANA9LYINTjx0i147Please respect copyright.PENANArJQhSkp7CW